Argument Lab

Key Precedents

• Paramjeet Singh Patheja v. ICDS Ltd. (2006) 13 SCC 322 — The appellant argues this case is distinguishable as it dealt with an arbitral award, not a statutory tribunal's order.
• Sundaram Finance Ltd. v. Ashok D. Soniminde — This Court doubted Paramjeet Singh Patheja, indicating that the issue is not settled.

Key Precedents

• Ajeet Gurjar v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2023) 15 SCC 678 — Held that the word 'may' in Section 19(1) must be read as 'shall' and that holding an inquiry under Section 19(1)(i) is not an empty formality.
• Thirumoorthy v. State (2024) 12 SCC 307 — Held that non-compliance with mandatory provisions of Sections 15 and 19 of the JJ Act vitiates the entire trial and quashed the conviction.
• Barun Chandra Thakur v. Master Bholu (2023) 12 SCC 401 — Discussed the serious consequences of trial as an adult versus trial as a child, including sentencing and disqualification.

Key Precedents

• State of Rajasthan v. J.K. Synthetics Ltd. (2011) 12 SCC 518 — Held that terms of a mining lease must yield to statutory rules; a lease deed prescribing a lower rate of interest must yield to an amended statutory rule prescribing a higher rate.
• Mineral Area Development Authority v. SAIL (2024) 10 SCC 1 — Held that the State acts as trustee for minerals and has constitutional duty to regulate exploitation in public interest.

Key Precedents

• National Highways Authority of India v. Ganga Enterprises (2003) 7 SCC 410 — Held that agreed forfeiture/security stipulations are to be enforced according to the terms of the contract.
• Shri Hanuman Cotton Mills v. Tata Aircraft Ltd. (1969) 3 SCC 522 — Held that parties are bound by unambiguous terms of contract.
• Venkataraman Krishnamurthy v. Lodha Crown Buildmart Pvt. Ltd. (2024) 4 SCC 230 — Held courts cannot make a new contract for the parties.

Key Precedents

• Supreme Court Bar Assn. v. B.D. Kaushik (2011) 13 SCC 774 — Held that court-annexed Bar Associations constitute a separate class and that voting rights can be restricted to regular practitioners.
• Supreme Court Bar Assn. v. B.D. Kaushik (2012) 8 SCC 589 — Upheld the mandate of the Implementation Committee to identify eligible voters.

Key Precedents

• Mohinder Singh Gill v. Chief Election Commissioner (1978) 1 SCC 405 — Cited for the proposition that Article 324 operates only in areas left unoccupied by legislation, and the Commission must act in conformity with law made by Parliament.
• A.C. Jose v. Sivan Pillai (1984) 2 SCC 656 — Cited for the proposition that where the Act and Rules occupy the area, the Commission cannot override them or act in direct disobedience of their mandate.
• Lal Babu Hussein v. Electoral Registration Officer (1995) 3 SCC 100 — Cited for the proposition that electors whose names appear on the electoral roll are entitled to a presumption of citizenship, and that this presumption cannot be displaced except by following the procedure prescribed by law.

Key Precedents

• Government of Kerala and Another v. Mother Superior Adoration Convent (2021) 5 SCC 602 — Held that in the event of ambiguity in a beneficial tax exemption provision, the benefit accrues in favour of the assessee.
• Commr., Hindu Religious Endowments v. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutt (1954) 1 SCC 412 — Cited for the distinction between tax (compulsory exaction without quid pro quo) and fee (return for services rendered).

Key Precedents

• Navin Chemicals Manufacturing & Trading Co. Ltd. v. Collector of Customs (1993) 4 SCC 320 — Held that classification of goods under the tariff for determining rate of duty is a question having relation to rate of duty.
• CCE v. Reliance Media Works Ltd. 2019 SCC OnLine Bom 5162 (FB) — Held that the question of excisability is appealable only to Supreme Court and sub-section (2) of Section 35L is clarificatory and retrospective.

Key Precedents

• Competition Commission of India v. Thomas Cook (India) Limited & Anr. (2018) 6 SCC 549 — Distinguished because there the concern was frustration of ex ante scrutiny through fragmentation and implementation without clearance; here notice was filed, reviewed and approved before implementation.
• SCM Solifert Limited & Anr. v. Competition Commission of India (2018) 6 SCC 631 — Cited for principle that Regulation 9(4) and 9(5) require composite notification but cannot convert a filed and approved notice into non-notification where CCI had the record.

Key Precedents

• Prakash Nishad @ Kewat Zinak Nishad v. State of Maharashtra (2023) 16 SCC 357 — Held that chain of custody of forensic samples must be established; failure to do so renders forensic reports unreliable.
• Allarakha Habib Memon v. State of Gujarat (2024) 9 SCC 546 — Held that mere matching of blood group is not sufficient to connect accused with crime.

Key Precedents

• Talat Fatima Hasan v. Syed Murtaza Ali Khan (2020) 15 SCC 655 — Three-Judge Bench held that succession to private properties of an erstwhile ruler is governed by personal law, not primogeniture.
• Maharani Deepinder Kaur v. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur (2022) 9 SCC 658 — Three-Judge Bench upheld that rule of primogeniture applies only to Gaddi, not to private properties.
• Revathinnal Balagopala Varma v. Padmanabha Dasa Bala Rama Varma 1993 Supp (1) SCC 233 — Travancore case; held that properties declared as private under covenant are personal properties, not State properties.

Key Precedents

• S.M.S. Pharmaceuticals Ltd. v. Neeta Bhalla (2005) 8 SCC 89 — Held that the complaint must contain specific averments that the accused was in charge of and responsible for the conduct of the business, but such averments need not be in any particular form as long as the factual foundation is disclosed.
• HDFC Bank Limited v. State of Maharashtra (2025) 9 SCC 653 — Clarified that the complaint need not mechanically reproduce the exact phraseology of Section 141 if the substance of the allegations, read as a whole, discloses the factual basis for vicarious liability.
• S.P. Mani and Mohan Dairy v. Dr. Snehalatha Elangovan (2023) 10 SCC 685 — Held that where the factual foundation for the offence has been laid, the power of quashing should be exercised sparingly and a hyper-technical approach ought not to be adopted.

Key Precedents

• CCE v. GAIL (India) 2022 SCC OnLine SC 2130 — Held that for classification as 'Motor Spirit' under Chapter 27, all three conditions must be satisfied, but the petitioner submits that the third condition (suitability for use) is satisfied by the flash point and distillation range.

Key Precedents

• Mathew Alexander v. Mohammed Shafi (2023) 13 SCC 510 — Held that strict proof of an accident caused by a particular vehicle in a particular manner need not be established; standard of proof is preponderance of probabilities.
• Ravi v. Badrinarayan (2011) 4 SCC 693 — Held that delay in filing FIR cannot be a ground to doubt the claimant's case.
• Sunita v. Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation (2020) 13 SCC 486 — Held that the approach is to analyse evidence already on record, not to find fault with non-examination of witnesses.

Key Precedents

• State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal 1992 Supp (1) SCC 335 — Laid down categories where inherent power under Section 482 CrPC can be exercised to quash FIRs.
• Anand Kumar Mohatta v. State (NCT of Delhi) (2019) 11 SCC 706 — Held that Section 482 CrPC power can be exercised even after filing of charge-sheet.

Key Precedents

• State of Rajasthan v. J.K. Udaipur Udyog Ltd. (2004) 7 SCC 673 — Held that the recipient of a concession acquires no legally enforceable right against the Government except to avail the concession during its currency, and the right is defeasible in public interest.
• Arvind Industries v. State of Gujarat (1995) 6 SCC 53 — Held that the Government is entitled to modify its industrial policy and grant, modify or withdraw fiscal benefits from time to time.
• Shree Sidhbali Steels Ltd. v. State of U.P. (2011) 3 SCC 193 — Held that the State Government was competent to modify or withdraw electricity rebate in public interest, and the doctrine of promissory estoppel would not prevent such withdrawal.

Key Precedents

• Trimukh Maroti Kirkan v. State of Maharashtra (2006) 10 SCC 681 — Relied upon by the prosecution, but the petitioner submits that the facts are distinguishable; in Trimukh, there was no dispute about the homicidal nature of death, whereas here the medical evidence is inconclusive.

Key Precedents

• State of Goa v. Sanjay Thakran (2007) 3 SCC 755 — Held that for the last seen together theory to be incriminating, the time gap between the last sighting and death must be proximate; a large gap snaps the link.
• Section 24, Indian Evidence Act, 1872 — Provides that a confession made under inducement, threat or promise is irrelevant in a criminal proceeding.

Key Precedents

• Ajwar v. Waseem (2024) 10 SCC 768 — Held that an unreasoned or perverse order of bail is always open to interference; bail can be revoked if courts below have ignored relevant material or the gravity of the offence.
• Neeru Yadav v. State of U.P. (2014) 16 SCC 508 — Held that the principle of parity in bail is not an inflexible rule and cannot be mechanically applied when the roles of the accused are materially different.
• Sudha Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2021) 4 SCC 781 — Held that courts must recognise the potential threat to the life and liberty of victims and witnesses if the accused is released on bail.

Key Precedents

• State of Madhya Pradesh v. Saleem @ Chamaru (2005) 5 SCC 554 — Held that to justify conviction under Section 307 IPC, it is not essential that bodily injury capable of causing death should have been inflicted; intention may be deduced from other circumstances, but must be proved.
• Bipin Bihari v. State of M.P. (2006) 8 SCC 799 — Reiterated that an attempt in order to be criminal need not be the penultimate act; however, intention must be established.

Key Precedents

• Subhra Mukerjee v. Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. (2000) 3 SCC 312 — Held that where fraud and fiduciary abuse are alleged, the burden lies heavily upon the beneficiary of the transaction to establish bona fides.
• H. Siddiqui (dead) by LRs v. A. Ramalingam (2011) 4 SCC 240 — Held that compliance with Order XLI Rule 31 of the CPC is mandatory; the first appellate court must formulate points for determination and record findings with reasons.
• Vidhyadhar v. Manikrao (1999) 3 SCC 573 — Distinguished: the petitioner submits that adverse inference should not be drawn when the party's representative (husband) has deposed with full knowledge.

Key Precedents

• Pedda Narayana v. State of A.P. (1975) 4 SCC 153 — Held that the object of proceedings under Section 174 CrPC is merely to ascertain the apparent cause of death; details of who assaulted the deceased are foreign to the scope of Section 174.
• Amar Singh v. Balwinder Singh (2003) 2 SCC 518 — Held that Section 174 CrPC does not contemplate that the manner of the incident or the names of the accused should be mentioned in the inquest report; the basic purpose is to report the apparent cause of death.

Key Precedents

• Goverdhan v. State of Chhattisgarh (2025) 3 SCC 378 — Held that non-recovery of weapon is not fatal only if there are direct reliable witnesses; here, there are no witnesses to the video itself.
• Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer (1956) 1 SCC 337 — Held that Section 106 of the Evidence Act is not intended to relieve the prosecution of its primary burden; it can be invoked only after a prima facie case is made out.

Key Precedents

• Azam Jahi Mill Workers Association v. National Textile Corporation Ltd. (2022) 17 SCC 797 — Held that equals must be treated equally; if persons similarly placed are treated differently without rational basis, it violates Article 14.
• Pawan Kumar v. Union of India 2026 INSC 156 — Held that when certain employees have been regularized but others similarly placed were left out, such differential treatment is discriminatory, and the same relief must be granted.
• Jaggo v. Union of India 2024 SCC OnLine SC 3826 — Held that Umadevi does not intend to penalize long-serving employees; the State cannot take mechanical shelter under Umadevi to deny equitable treatment.

Key Precedents

• Ram Piari v. Bhagwant (1990) 3 SCC 364 — Held that prudence requires a reason for denying inheritance to natural heirs; absence of reason shrouds the disposition with suspicion.
• Shivakumar v. Sharanabasappa (2021) 11 SCC 277 — Held that suspicious circumstances must be real, germane and valid; the exclusion of natural heirs without reason is a real suspicious circumstance.
• Meena Pradhan v. Kamla Pradhan 2023 SCC OnLine SC 1198 — Held that stringent requisites for proof of Will are statutorily enjoined to rule out manipulation.

Key Precedents

• Rajnesh v. Neha (2021) 2 SCC 324 — Supreme Court held that a concise application for interim maintenance along with Affidavit of Disclosure of Assets and Liabilities is mandatory; the Family Court cannot grant maintenance without such application.
• Manish Divedi v. Jyotsana (2019 SCC OnLine Del 10492) — Delhi High Court distinguished ad-interim maintenance from interim maintenance, but held that ad-interim maintenance must be based on prima facie material; the Family Court here passed a detailed order after hearing, which is more than ad-interim.
• Rajesh Chaudhary v. Nirmala Chaudhary (2006) 86 DRJ 61 — Held that ad-interim maintenance may be granted based on admitted income, but only where the respondent admits liability; the petitioner here never admitted liability.

Key Precedents

• Lachoo Mal v. Radhey Shyam (1971) 1 SCC 619 — Held that a mandatory provision made for the protection or benefit of a private individual can be waived by that person.
• Sita Ram Gupta v. Punjab National Bank (2008) 5 SCC 711 — Reaffirmed the principle of waiver of private rights.
• Bank of India v. O.P. Swarnakar (2003) 2 SCC 721 — Held that a party can waive a right that is for its benefit.

Key Precedents

• Vishwanatha v. State of Karnataka 2024 INSC 482 — Held that where identity of the accused is not known and TIP has not been conducted, the court must examine whether there was any description of the accused in the FIR or in statements recorded during investigation; absence thereof makes conviction unsafe.
• Abuthagir v. State (2009) 17 SCC 208 — Distinguished: the principle that belated disclosure does not discard testimony applies to delay in examination of witnesses, not to material improvements after earlier depositions were silent.

Key Precedents

• Union of India v. Dharamendra Textile Processors (2008) 13 SCC 369 — Held that penalty arising from breach of civil obligation does not require proof of mens rea; the mere use of the word 'penalty' is not determinative of whether proceedings are criminal or quasi-criminal.
• Chairman, SEBI v. Sri Ram Mutual Fund (2006) 5 SCC 361 — Held that mens rea is not a straitjacket formula; the language and scheme of the Act determine whether mens rea is required for penalty.

Key Precedents

• State of U.P. v. Anurudh 2026 SCC OnLine SC 40 — Supreme Court held that the High Court's directions in a bail matter mandating scientific age determination under POCSO Act were beyond the scope of Section 439 CrPC; distinguished between constitutional power and statutory power; held that a court's jurisdiction under bail provisions is limited to adjudicating the question of release or detention.

Key Precedents

• Vaibhav v. State of Maharashtra 2025 INSC 800 — Held that motive is relevant but not conclusive; absence of motive may weigh in favour of the accused but does not automatically lead to acquittal when other evidence is sufficient.
• Sarwan Singh v. State of Punjab AIR 1957 SC 637 — Held that approver evidence must be corroborated, but the corroboration need not be on every detail; material corroboration is sufficient.
• Narayan Chetanram Chaudhary v. State of Maharashtra (2000) 8 SCC 457 — Stands for the proposition that re-enactment evidence is admissible (though noted as possibly per incuriam).

Key Precedents

• Prem Chand Garg v. Excise Commr., 1962 SCC OnLine SC 10 — Constitution Bench held that power under Article 142(1) cannot be exercised to make an order inconsistent with statutory provisions or substantive law.
• Shilpa Sailesh v. Varun Sreenivasan (2023) 14 SCC 231 — Constitution Bench held that exercise of Article 142 power is prohibited when the order is plainly and expressly barred by statutory provisions based on fundamental principles of public policy.
• Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India (1991) 4 SCC 584 — While affirming plenary nature of Article 142, this Court held that due regard must be had to statutory provisions founded on fundamental considerations of public policy.

Key Precedents

• Raj Kumar v. State of H.P. (2023) 3 SCC 773 — Three-Judge Bench overruled Y.V. Rangaiah, holding that there is no rule of universal application that vacancies must be filled on the basis of law existing on the date they arose; the Government is entitled to take a conscious policy decision not to fill vacancies under old rules.
• Union of India v. Somasundaram Viswanath (1989) 1 SCC 175 — Held that rules framed under Article 309 prevail over executive instructions issued under Article 162.
• Sant Ram Sharma v. State of Rajasthan AIR 1967 SC 1910 — Held that for selection posts, promotion is not automatic based on ranking in the gradation list; merit is the primary consideration.

Key Precedents

• Union of India v. K.A. Najeeb (2021) 3 SCC 713 — Three-Judge Bench held that statutory restrictions like Section 43-D(5) of the UAP Act melt down where there is no likelihood of trial being completed within a reasonable time and incarceration exceeds a substantial part of the sentence.
• Sheikh Javed Iqbal v. State of U.P. (2024) 8 SCC 293 — Held that once timely trial is not possible and incarceration is significant, courts are ordinarily obligated to grant bail; K.A. Najeeb is binding on smaller Benches.
• Javed Gulam Nabi Shaikh v. State of Maharashtra (2024) 9 SCC 813 — Held that Article 21 applies irrespective of the nature of the crime; the right to speedy trial is not eclipsed by the nature of the offence.

Key Precedents

• Bimal Kumar v. Shakuntala Debi (2012) 3 SCC 548 — Held that a decree may be both preliminary and final, and partly preliminary and partly final under Section 2(2) of the CPC.
• Shankar Balwant Lokhande v. Chandrakant Shankar Lokhande (1995) 3 SCC 413 — Held that a final decree merely carries into fulfilment the preliminary decree.
• Kattukandi Edathil Krishnan v. Kattukandi Edathil Valsan (2022) 16 SCC 71 — Held that there is no need to file a separate application for final decree; the trial court should proceed suo motu.

Key Precedents

• Swaran Singh v. State (2008) 8 SCC 435 — Established the distinction between 'public place' and 'place within public view', and held that a private place can be within public view if accessible to public gaze.
• Hitesh Verma v. State of Uttarakhand (2020) 10 SCC 710 — Held that when the incident occurs within the four walls of a building and no member of the public is present, the requirement of 'place within public view' is not satisfied.
• Karuppudayar v. State (2025 SCC OnLine SC 215) — Reiterated that to be a place 'within public view', the place should be open where members of the public can witness or hear the utterance.

Key Precedents

• Yatin Narendra Oza v. Khemchand Rajaram Koshti (2016) 15 SCC 236 — This Court accepted the Appellant's unconditional apology in 2016 contempt proceedings, observing that 'the regret, the apology and repentance shall see the appellant in a different incarnation.'
• Prashant Bhushan (Contempt Matter), In re (2021) 1 SCC 745 — Distinguishable because in that case the contemnor justified his statements and did not tender an unconditional apology at the earliest opportunity.
• Mahipal Singh Rana v. State of U.P. (2016) 8 SCC 335 — The Appellant submits that the automatic disqualification under Section 24-A of the Advocates Act, 1961 is not mandatory; the court has discretion to suspend the conviction.

Key Precedents

• Hind Charitable Trust v. Union of India, W.P.(Civil) No. 469 of 2014 (order dated 18 September 2014) — The Supreme Court directed that students admitted pursuant to the order shall pay fees at Government rates 'till the students so admitted pass out', indicating the interim arrangement was intended to cover the entire course duration.
• Hind Charitable Trust v. Union of India, order dated 24 September 2014 — Clarified that fees chargeable shall be at the same rates as applicable to Government medical colleges 'till the students so admitted pass out'.

Key Precedents

• Masalti v. State of Uttar Pradesh (1964) 8 SCR 133 — Held that while the evidence of a partisan or interested witness cannot be mechanically rejected, the court must be very careful in weighing such evidence.
• Bhaskarrao v. State of Maharashtra (2018) 6 SCC 591 — Held that a witness with a strong interest in the result should not be weighed on the same scales as a disinterested witness, as bias may unconsciously affect testimony.
• Ghulam Hassan Beigh v. Mohammad Maqbool Magrey (2022) 12 SCC 657 — Held that a postmortem report is not substantive evidence; the doctor's statement in court alone is substantive, and discrepancies diminish evidentiary value.

Key Precedents

• Union of India v. Association for Democratic Reforms (2002) 5 SCC 294 — Established the voter's right to know antecedents of candidates, but the information must be relevant and material to the voter's decision.
• Krishnamoorthy v. Shivakumar (2015) 14 SCC 58 — Relied upon by the respondents, but distinguishable because that case involved serious IPC offences, not a technical NI Act offence.
• Pritam Singh v. State (1950 INSC 9) — Established the discretionary nature of Article 136 of the Constitution, which should be exercised in favour of the petitioner given the exceptional circumstances.

Key Precedents

• Amardeep Singh v. Harveen Kaur (2017) 8 SCC 746 — Supreme Court held that the waiting period under Section 13-B of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 is directory, not mandatory, and can be waived by the court where the parties have settled all disputes and there is no possibility of reconciliation.
• Shilpa Sailesh v. Varun Sreenivasan (2023) — Supreme Court exercised power under Article 142 of the Constitution of India to dissolve marriage by mutual consent without waiting period where parties had settled all claims.

Key Precedents

• Satish Chander Ahuja v. Sneha Ahuja (2021) 1 SCC 414 — Supreme Court held that the concept of shared household includes the parental home of the husband or father, and a daughter has the right to reside there even without legal title.
• S. Vanitha v. Deputy Commissioner, Bengaluru (2021) 15 SCC 730 — Supreme Court held that the right to reside in shared household under Section 17 of the DV Act is enforceable even against parents-in-law.
• Vimlesh v. State of U.P. (2020) 6 ADJ 781 — Allahabad High Court held that an unmarried daughter cannot be evicted from the shared household by her parents under the Senior Citizens Act when she is in a domestic relationship.

Key Precedents

• N.G. Dastane v. S. Dastane (1975) 2 SCC 326 — Established that under pre-1976 Section 10(1)(b) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, cruelty required proof of reasonable apprehension of harm or injury; the deletion of these words in Section 13(1)(i-a) lowered the threshold.
• Shobha Rani v. Madhukar Reddi (1988) 1 SCC 105 — Held that intention is not a necessary element of cruelty, and the categories of cruelty are not closed; each case depends on its own facts including social status and profession.
• Chanderkala Trivedi v. Dr S.P. Trivedi (1993) 4 SCC 232 — Held that when mutual allegations are made and the marriage is dead, continuing litigation is an exercise in futility.

Key Precedents

• V. Bhagat v. D. Bhagat (1994) 1 SCC 337 — Established that mental cruelty is conduct inflicting such mental pain that the parties cannot reasonably be expected to live together, and it is not necessary to prove injury to health.
• Parveen Mehta v. Inderjit Mehta (2002) 5 SCC 706 — Held that the cumulative effect of facts and circumstances must be considered, not isolated instances, and that a feeling of anguish and disappointment must be appreciated from attending facts.
• A. Jaychandra v. Aneel Kumar (2005) 2 SCC 22 — Held that irretrievable breakdown of marriage is not a ground by itself but can be borne in mind while determining whether the alleged grounds are made out.

Key Precedents

• Joginder Kumar v. State of U.P. (1994 INSC 170) — Established that arrest cannot be made in a routine manner and causes irreversible damage to reputation and self-esteem; the power to arrest must be exercised cautiously with recorded reasons.
• Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar (2014 INSC 463) — Held that arrest results in embarrassment, restricts freedom, leaves permanent scars, and that police must follow procedural safeguards before arresting for offences punishable with less than seven years.
• D.K. Basu v. State of W.B. (1997) 1 SCC 416 — Laid down detailed requirements for arrest and detention, including the obligation to inform the arrestee of his rights and to record grounds of arrest in writing.

Key Precedents

• Davies Jenkins & Co. Ltd. v. Davies (1968) AC 1097 — Although cited by the respondent, this case supports the petitioner because it requires careful attention to the grammatical and contextual meaning of 'where'; here, the context of Section 11 being a procedural provision indicates that 'where' introduces the forum, not a mere condition.

Key Precedents

• Sohrab v. State of M.P. (1972 INSC 134) — Established that minor discrepancies or contradictions in witness statements do not warrant discarding the entire prosecution evidence unless they affect the substratum of the case.
• Satvir Singh v. State of Punjab (2001) 8 SCC 633 — Held that the phrase 'soon before death' in Section 304-B of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 requires that the cruelty or harassment should have a proximate connection with the death, but does not require a fixed time gap; each case depends on its facts.

Key Precedents

• Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India (1996) 5 SCC 647 — Established the precautionary principle and polluter pays principle as part of Indian environmental jurisprudence, requiring courts to err on the side of conservation where there is scientific uncertainty about environmental harm.
• A.P. Pollution Control Board v. M.V. Nayudu (1999) 2 SCC 718 — Affirmed that the precautionary principle places the burden of proof on the industrial developer to show that their activity will not cause irreversible environmental harm.
• T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India (2005) 2 SCC 324 — Held that conservation of forests and wildlife is not subordinate to development needs, and that the principle of sustainable development requires integration of environmental concerns into all development decisions.

Key Precedents

• Hukumdev Narain Yadav v. Lalit Narian Mishra (1974) 2 SCC 133 — Established that exclusion of Section 5 requires express or clearly implied peremptory language such as 'shall be dismissed', which is absent in Section 74 of the 2013 Act.
• Sheo Raj Singh v. Union of India (2023) 10 SCC 531 — Held that a pragmatic and justice-oriented approach must be adopted in condoning delays by State instrumentalities, and High Courts should avoid pedantry.